Doors and windows are the unit of the building and the decorative symbol of the facade effect, which ultimately reflects the characteristics of the building. Although different buildings have different requirements for the design of doors and windows, and the size of doors and windows is ever-changing, some rules can still be found.
⒈ The door and window facade division should conform to the aesthetic characteristics, and the following factors should be considered in the division design
(1) The coordination of the division ratio. As far as a single glass plate is concerned, the aspect ratio should be as close to the golden ratio as possible, and it should not be designed into a square or a narrow rectangle with an aspect ratio of more than 1:2. too large or too small;
(2) The division of doors and windows should have certain rules and changes, and seek rules in the changes; the lines of the divisions have a degree of density; the division of equal distances and sizes shows rigor, solemnity, and seriousness; Division shows rhythm, liveliness and dynamism;
(3) At least the horizontal division lines of the doors and windows of the same room and the same wall should be on the same horizontal line as much as possible, and the vertical lines should be aligned as much as possible;
⑷When designing the facade of doors and windows, the overall effect requirements of the building should be considered, such as the contrast between the virtual and the real, the light and shadow effects, and the symmetry of the building.
⒉ Optional color of doors and windows (including the color of glass and profiles)
The selection of the color of doors and windows is an important part of the final effect of the building. The color of doors and windows should be matched with the characteristics of the building. When determining the color, it should be agreed with the architect, the owner and other parties.
⒊Personalized design of doors and windows
According to the different hobbies and aesthetic viewpoints of customers, unique door and window facade shapes can be designed.
⒋The permeability of doors and windows
It is best not to set horizontal frames and vertical frames on the facade of doors and windows within the line of sight height of the main viewing position (about 1.5m to 1.8m), so as not to block the line of sight. Some doors and windows need to use glass with high light transmittance or require a large open field of view, which is convenient for viewing the outdoor scenery.
⒌Lighting and ventilation of doors and windows
The ventilation area of doors and windows and the number of movable fans should meet the requirements of building ventilation; at the same time, the lighting area of doors and windows should also meet the requirements of the "Building Lighting Design Standards" (GB/T50033-2001) and the requirements of architectural design drawings. Article 4.2.4 of "Energy-saving Design Standards for Public Buildings" (GB 50189-2005) stipulates that the ratio of the window-to-wall area of each orientation of the exterior windows of the building should not be greater than 0.70. When the window-to-wall area ratio is less than 0.40, the visible light transmittance of the glass should not be less than 0.4.
Door and window safety design
Classic style aluminum alloy doors and windows
Classic style aluminum alloy doors and windows
⒈The wall thickness of aluminum profiles for doors and windows requires that the wall thickness of aluminum profiles for windows conform to the current national standard high-precision grade, and the minimum wall thickness of the stressed components is ≥1.4mm.
⒈ The force-bearing rods of doors and windows (such as the light hook of sliding window, the central column, the sliding with light, the sliding with light, the double front, etc.) must undergo strict compression calculation. Thickness should be selected by calculation according to usage conditions. The stress components of aluminum alloy doors and windows shall be determined by test or calculation.
⒉ Door and window glass safety design
(1) Selection of glass: The thickness of glass is determined by calculation and should not be less than 5mm. Safety glass (tempered glass or laminated glass) must be used for doors and windows in the following parts of the building:
(a) Opening windows outside buildings with 7 floors and above;
(b) Window glass with an area greater than 1.5 square meters;
(c) Floor-to-ceiling windows with the bottom edge of the glass less than 500mm from the final decoration surface;
(d) Sloping windows with an included angle of less than 75° from the horizontal and a sloped roof greater than 3m from the indoor floor;
(e) Framed glass doors with a glass area greater than 0.5 square meters;
(f) The frameless glass door shall be made of tempered glass with a thickness of not less than 10mm.
(2) The overlap between the glass and the notch and other matching dimensions shall comply with the provisions of Table 5 and Table 6 in "Aluminum Alloy Window" (GB/T 8479).
(3) The glass and aluminum alloy frame grooves should be in flexible contact with rubber gaskets.
⑷The glass should be subjected to mechanical edging treatment, and the mesh number of the grinding wheel should be more than 180 meshes.
⒊The selection and design of hardware accessories.
(1) When choosing hardware accessories, try to choose products with guaranteed quality. The quality grade of hardware accessories should be consistent with the quality grade of doors and windows. The structure and shape of hardware accessories should be consistent with the profiles. The color is harmonious and beautiful, the function is correct, and the operation is flexible. , Easy to install.
(2) The installation of hardware accessories should be complete, standardized, reliable and accurate. After installation, the doors and windows are beautiful in appearance, flexible and convenient to open, free from deformation, obstruction and collision.
(3) Exposed fasteners of hardware accessories should preferably use stainless steel products.
(4) Casement doors and windows and large sliding doors and windows should be closed with multiple lock points, otherwise the air tightness will be greatly reduced under the action of negative pressure difference. Considering the convenience of operation, it is best to use multi-lock point handles or actuators.
⑸ The length of the sliding brace of the casement window is generally 2/3 of the width of the window sash. If the window sash is lighter, it can be 1/2. The length of the sliding brace of the upper-hung window is generally 1/2 of the window sash.
⑹For typhoon areas and high-rise buildings to open windows, it is recommended to use sliding braces for window sash installation, and no or less hinges are used.
⒋The overlap between the sliding door and window sash and the upper and lower frame guide rails should not be less than 10mm, and safety measures such as anti-fall blocks and anti-collision blocks must be installed to prevent the sash from falling and colliding and hurting people when it is opened.
⒌The height of the lower frame of the glass window movable fan on the exterior wall of the building should not be less than 900mm from the indoor ground. Under special circumstances, if it is less than 900mm, other protective safety measures (such as adding protective railings, etc.) should be taken.
⒍The screws and bolts used for the connection and fixation of aluminum alloy doors and windows must be made of high-quality stainless steel to prevent the screws from loosening due to galvanic corrosion. Stainless steel screws should be made of machine-made threads as much as possible, and self-tapping screws should be avoided as much as possible.
⒎ Doors and windows should be reliably connected and fixed with the wall
The connection methods between doors and windows and walls mainly include steel frame connection, dovetail iron foot welding connection, dovetail iron foot connection with embedded parts, fixed steel sheet nailing connection, fixed steel sheet metal expansion bolt connection and so on. The thickness of dovetail iron feet should be ≥3mm. The thickness of the fixed steel sheet is ≥1.5mm, and the width is ≥15mm. All dovetail feet and fixed steel surfaces shall be hot-dip galvanized. The distance between the fixed points of doors and windows is generally between 300mm and 500mm, and cannot be greater than 500mm.
(1) Steel attached frame is suitable for the connection between doors and windows and various walls, with high installation accuracy and reliable connection, but the cost is high.
(2) The connection between the doors and windows and the steel structure can be welded by dovetail iron feet, and the connection between the dovetail iron feet and the steel structure can be adjusted by welding steel bars or steel angle codes.
(3) The connection between the doors and windows and the light wall should adopt the welding connection method between the dovetail iron feet and the embedded parts, and the dovetail iron feet and the embedded parts should be adjusted by welding with steel bars or steel angle codes.
⑷The connection between doors and windows and reinforced concrete walls can be connected with fixed steel sheets (or dovetail iron feet) or metal expansion bolts. When using fixed steel sheets to connect fixed doors and windows, the gap between the frame around the door and the wall and the wall should be plugged with cement mortar. Cement mortar plug joints can connect the outer frame of doors and windows to the wall firmly and reliably, and play an important role in strengthening the frame materials of doors and windows. When the gap is filled with polyurethane foam caulk or other flexible materials, the fixed steel sheet should be replaced with dovetail iron feet to ensure the reliability of the connection between doors and windows and walls.
⑸The connection between the doors and windows and the brick wall can be connected by metal expansion bolts with fixed steel sheets (or dovetail iron feet). It is strictly forbidden to use nails to fix doors and windows on brick walls. Like reinforced concrete walls, when using fixed steel sheets, the gaps should be plugged with cement mortar, and when the gaps are filled with polyurethane foam sealants or other flexible materials, they should be fixed with dovetail iron feet.
Waterproof seal design
⒈Minimum control index of watertight performance of aluminum alloy doors and windows
The minimum watertightness index of aluminum alloy doors and windows can be taken from the following formula and not less than 150Pa (that is, the watertightness of aluminum alloy doors and windows cannot be lower than the level 2 index):
P=k×μz×μs×wo
In the formula, P: the design value of water tightness (Pa);
wo: basic wind pressure (N/㎡);
μz: wind pressure height variation coefficient;
μs: body shape coefficient, preferably 1.2;
k: coefficient, the value of k is 0.3 in coastal tropical storm and typhoon areas, and 0.25 in other places.
⒉ Door and window structure waterproof design
(1) The principle of isobaric pressure is actively used in the structural design of aluminum alloy doors and windows, which is the most effective way to improve the waterproof and sealing performance of doors and windows.
(2) The overlap between the movable sash and the window frame should not be too small, and the overlap between the movable sash and the window frame of the casement window should not be less than 6mm.
(3) For high-rise buildings, cold areas and areas with high energy-saving requirements, try to adopt the structure of casement doors and windows, and use less or no sliding doors and windows. Since there is a large gap between the sliding sash and the upper and lower slide rails, and the two adjacent sashes are not on the same plane, there is no sealing and pressing force between the two sashes, and only the tops are used to overlap and overlap, and There are gaps between the tops, and the sealing effect is very weak, so the waterproof sealing performance of sliding doors and windows is very poor. The casement doors and windows are provided with 2 to 3 sealing rubber strips between the sash and the window frame. After the sash is closed and locked, the sealing rubber strips are pressed very tightly, and the middle cavity is easy to form an isobaric cavity, so it can be Design doors and windows with excellent sealing performance.
⑷The aluminum alloy glass pressing line of the glass for doors and windows should be designed in the indoor direction to avoid water seepage in the fine gap between the glass pressing line and the window frame.
⑸ Push-pull type doors and windows should be designed with a high enough water baffle on the indoor side, otherwise when the outdoor rainwater has a certain pressure, the rainwater will flow into the room through the water baffle.
⑹The upper part of the movable fan of doors and windows should be provided with a water drape, and the lower part should be provided with a drainage hole.
⑺ Combined doors and windows should minimize the exposed joints, because the small gaps cannot be sealed with sealant and leakage occurs. When the exposed seam cannot be avoided due to structural reasons, the two contact surfaces of the profiles at the seam will form a 90° angle, which is convenient for sealing with sealant.